Collective bargaining is democratic engagement in the workplace and a safeguard against unilateralism. For any society seeking fairness, accountability, and industrial harmony, the ability of workers and employers to negotiate on equal footing is essential. It not only protects employees from arbitrary decisions but also strengthens the social and economic fabric of an organization or nation. In Nigeria, however, this vital mechanism often struggles to achieve its full potential due to legal ambiguities, weak enforcement systems, and inconsistent governmental commitment to labour obligations.

This article analyzes the historical, legal, and institutional realities shaping collective bargaining in Nigeria. It traces its evolution from colonial-era labour struggles through post-independence reforms, military-era repression, and the renewed—yet still unstable—framework under democratic governance. By examining the constitutional provisions, statutory laws, and Nigeria’s obligations under international labour standards, the article reveals the gaps between formal recognition of collective bargaining and the practical obstacles that weaken its effectiveness.

It further examines the persistent challenges confronting the system, including the non-enforceability of collective agreements, governmental insincerity in negotiations, political interference in union activities, and the absence of a modernized legal structure capable of supporting a dynamic labour market. Through comparative insights from countries with stronger bargaining frameworks, the article ultimately argues for comprehensive reforms to ensure that collective bargaining in Nigeria evolves from a symbolic practice into a meaningful, enforceable tool for industrial justice and social dialogue.

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